Iodine, an essential element for thyroid function, is necessary for normal growth, development, and functioning of the brain and body. Iodine- deficiency disorder (IDD) is a well documented global health problem, affecting more than a billion people worldwide. Consequences of IDD include goiter, cretinism, intellectual impairment, brain damage, mental retardation, stillbirth, spontaneous abortions, miscarriages, congenital deformities, and increased perinatal mortality. Progress toward eliminating IDDs has been substantial; an estimated 70% of the world’s edible salt currently is iodized. Most excess iodine is excreted, and most people can tolerate fairly large amounts without experiencing problems. People with a tendency toward autoimmune thyroid disease are less tolerant of excess iodine. If a person has previously been iodine-deficient, that person may be at risk for iodine-induced hyperthyroidism. Excessive iodine intake by a mother can pose a reproductive risk. Since urinary iodine values directly reflect dietary iodine intake, urinary iodine analysis is the recommended and most common method for biochemically assessing the iodine status of a population. This method achieves rapid and accurate quantification of iodine content in urine.
Participants aged 6 years and older on a 1/3 sample were tested.
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a multi-element analytical technique (2). Liquid samples are introduced into the ICP through a nebulizer and spray chamber carried by a flowing argon stream. By coupling radio-frequency power with flowing argon, plasma is created in which the predominant species are positive argon ions and electrons. The sample passes through a region of the plasma that has a temperature of 6000–8000 ºK. The thermal energy atomizes the sample and then ionizes the atoms. The ions and the argon enter the mass spectrometer through the interface that separates the ICP, which operates at atmospheric pressure, from the mass spectrometer, which operates at a pressure of 10–6 torr. The mass spectrometer permits rapid-sequence ion detection at each mass, which allows determination of individual isotopes of an element. Electrical signals from the ion detection are processed into digital information that is used to first indicate the intensity of the ions and then the concentration of the element. Urine samples are diluted 1+9 with 1% (v/v) tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) containing tellurium for internal standardization.
There were no changes to the equipment, methods, or lab site from the previous 2 years.
Mobile Examination Centers (MECs)
Laboratory team performance is monitored using several techniques. NCHS and contract consultants use a structured quality assurance evaluation during unscheduled visits to evaluate both the quality of the laboratory work and the quality-control procedures. Each laboratory staff person is observed for equipment operation, specimen collection and preparation; testing procedures and constructive feedback are given to each staff. Formal retraining sessions are conducted annually to ensure that required skill levels were maintained.
The NHANES QA/QC protocols meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES LPM.
Analytical Laboratories
NHANES uses several methods to monitor the quality of the analyses performed by the contract laboratories. In the MEC, these methods include performing blind split samples collected on “dry run” sessions. In addition, contract laboratories randomly perform repeat testing on 2.0% of all specimens.
NCHS developed and distributed a quality control protocol for all the contract laboratories which outlined the Westgard rules used when running NHANES specimens. Progress reports containing any problems encountered during shipping or receipt of specimens, summary statistics for each control pool, QC graphs, instrument calibration, reagents, and any special considerations are submitted to NCHS and Westat quarterly. The reports are reviewed for trends or shifts in the data. The laboratories are required to explain any identified areas of concern.
All QC procedures recommended by the manufacturers were followed. Reported results for all assays meet the Division of Laboratory Science’s quality control and quality assurance performance criteria for accuracy and precision (similar to specifications outlined by Westgard 1981).
Specimens were processed, stored and shipped to Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health.
The NHANES quality assurance and quality control protocols (QA/QC) meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory/Medical Technologists Procedures Manual (LPM). Read the LABDOC file for detailed QA/QC protocols.
There was no top coding or fill values added to this file.
Subsample weights
Measures of urinary iodine were measured in a one third subsample of persons 6 years and over. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data file and should be used when analyzing these data.
Variance estimation
The analysis of NHANES 2003-2004 laboratory data must be conducted with the key survey design and basic demographic variables. The NHANES 2003-2004 Demographic Data File contains demographic and sample design variables. The recommended procedure for variance estimation requires use of stratum and PSU variables (SDMVSTRA and SDMVPSU, respectively) in the demographic data file.
Links to NHANES
This laboratory data file can be linked to the other NHANES 2003-2004 data files using the unique survey participant identifier SEQN.
Detection Limits
Urinary iodine measures were above the limit of detection (1.0 μg/L) for all samples. The detection limit divided by the square root of 2 is the value that is provided for results that are below the limit of detection.
Please refer to the Analytic Guidelines for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues.
| Code or Value | Value Description | Count | Cumulative | Skip to Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 to 49930.1 | Range of Values | 2526 | 2526 | |
| . | Missing | 86 | 2612 |
| Code or Value | Value Description | Count | Cumulative | Skip to Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 to 648 | Range of Values | 2530 | 2530 | |
| . | Missing | 82 | 2612 |
| Code or Value | Value Description | Count | Cumulative | Skip to Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 to 456851.11941 | Range of Values | 2612 | 2612 | |
| . | Missing | 0 | 2612 |