Table of Contents

Component Description

Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States. Recommendations have also been developed for the prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Because of the high rate of asymptomatic infection with these viruses, information about the prevalence of these diseases is needed to monitor prevention efforts. By testing a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population, NHANES will provide the most reliable estimates of age-specific prevalence needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies to prevent these infections. In addition, NHANES provides the means to better define the epidemiology of other hepatitis viruses. NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections.

Eligible Sample

All participants aged 6 years and older are eligible to be tested.

Description of Laboratory Methodology

Blood specimens are processed, stored, and shipped to the Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Detailed specimen collection and processing instructions are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory/Medical Technologists Procedures Manual (LPM.)

Hepatitis B core antibody

The VITROS Anti-HBc assay is performed using the VITROS Anti-HBc Reagent Pack and VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Anti-HBc Calibrator on the VITROS ECi/ECiQ Immunodiagnostic System.

A competitive immunoassay technique is used. This involves the reaction of anti-HBc in the sample with hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) coated wells. Unbound sample is removed by washing. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody conjugate (mouse monoclonal anti-HBc) is then allowed to react with the remaining exposed HBcAg on the well surface. Unbound conjugate is removed by washing.

The bound HRP conjugate is measured by a luminescent reaction. A reagent containing luminogenic substrates (a luminol derivative and a peracid salt) and an electron transfer agent is added to the wells. The HRP in the bound conjugate catalyzes the oxidation of the luminol derivative, producing light. The electron transfer agent increases the level and duration of the light produced. The light signals are read by the VITROS ECi/ECiQ Immunodiagnostic System. The amount of HRP conjugate bound is indicative of the concentration of anti-HBc present in the sample.

Hepatitis B surface antigen

The VITROS HBsAg assay is performed using the VITROS HBsAg Reagent Pack and VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products HBsAg Calibrator on the VITROS ECi/ECiQ Immunodiagnostic System.

An immunometric technique is used. This involves the simultaneous reaction of HBsAg in the sample with mouse monoclonal anti-HBs antibody coated onto the wells and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled mouse monoclonal anti-HBs antibody in the conjugate. Unbound conjugate is removed by washing.

A reagent containing luminogenic substrates (a luminol derivative and a peracid salt) and an electron transfer agent is added to the wells. The HRP in the bound conjugate catalyzes the oxidation of the luminol derivative, producing light. The electron transfer agent increases the level and duration of the light produced. The light signals are read by the VITROS ECi/ECiQ Immunodiagnostic System. The amount of HRP conjugate bound is indicative of the level of HBsAg present in the sample.

 Hepatitis D antibody

The DiaSorin ETI-AB-DELTAK-2 enzyme immunoassay used for qualitative anti-HDV determination is a simultaneous competitive assay. Anti-HDV present in the sample and labeled anti-HDV antibodies compete for a fixed quantity of HDAg bound to the solid phase. The quantity of enzyme tracer bound to the solid phase and consequently the enzyme activity are inversely proportional to the anti-HDV concentration present in samples or controls.

Enzyme activity is measured by adding a colorless chromogen/substrate solution. The enzyme action on the chromogen/substrate produces a color which is measured with a photometer.

There were changes (from the previous 2 years of NHANES) to equipment and lab methods.

Data Processing and Editing

Read the General Documentation of Laboratory Data file for detailed data processing and editing protocols. The analytical methods are described in the Analytic Notes for Data Users section below.

Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring

The NHANES quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) protocols meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments mandates. Detailed quality control and quality assurance instructions are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory/Medical Technologists Procedures Manual (LPM). Read the General Documentation of Laboratory Data file for detailed QA/QC protocols. A detailed description of the quality assurance and quality control procedures can be found on the NHANES website.

Analytic Notes

The analysis of NHANES laboratory data must be conducted with the key survey design and basic demographic variables. The NHANES Household Questionnaire Data Files contain demographic data, health indicators, and other related information collected during household interviews. They also contain all survey design variables and sample weights for these age groups. The phlebotomy file includes auxiliary information such as the conditions precluding venipuncture. The household questionnaire and phlebotomy files may be linked to the laboratory data file using the unique survey participant identifier SEQN.

The age range and constraints for hepatitis testing are as follows:

Hep B

The hepatitis B core antibody test is performed on all examinees 6 years old and older while the hepatitis B surface antibody test is performed on all examinees 2 years old and older. The surface antigen is tested only when the core antibody test is positive. Participant results are coded positive for surface antigen if the surface antigen test is positive; they are coded negative for surface antigen if the test for surface antigen is negative or if the test for hepatitis B core antibody is negative.

HepĀ  D

The Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is a RNA defective virus and infection with HDV only occurs in the presence of acute or chronic HBV infection. In NHANES, the test for antibody to HDV is performed on participants 6 years of age or older who test positive for antiHBc and HBsAg. The denominator for antiHDV has been derived to include all anti-HBc negative samples, the anti-HBc positive samples that were subsequently found to be HBsAg negative, and the samples that were anti-HBC positive and HBsAg positive that were subsequently found to be antiHDV negative.

Exam sample weights should be used for analyses. Please refer to the Analytic Guidelines for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues. The Analytic Guidelines are available on the NHANES website

Codebook and Frequencies

SEQN - Respondent sequence number

Variable Name:
SEQN
SAS Label:
Respondent sequence number
English Text:
Respondent sequence number.
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS

LBXHBC - Hepatitis B core antibody

Variable Name:
LBXHBC
SAS Label:
Hepatitis B core antibody
English Text:
Hepatitis B core antibody
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
1 Positive 352 352
2 Negative 7058 7410
. Missing 722 8132

LBDHBG - Hepatitis B surface antigen

Variable Name:
LBDHBG
SAS Label:
Hepatitis B surface antigen
English Text:
Hepatitis B surface antigen
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
1 Positive 15 15
2 Negative 7395 7410
. Missing 722 8132

LBDHD - Hepatitis D (anti-HDV)

Variable Name:
LBDHD
SAS Label:
Hepatitis D (anti-HDV)
English Text:
Hepatitis D (anti-HDV)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
1 Positive 0 0
2 Negative 7410 7410
. Missing 722 8132