• Component Description
• Eligible Sample
• Description of Laboratory Methodology
• Data Processing and Editing
• Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring
• Analytic Notes
• References
• Codebook
  • SEQN - Respondent sequence number
  • WTSA2YR - Subsample A weights
  • URXP01 - 1-hydroxynaphthalene (ng/L)
  • URDP01LC - 1-hydroxynaphthalene comment code
  • URXP02 - 2-hydroxynaphthalene (ng/L)
  • URDP02LC - 2-hydroxynaphthalene comment code
  • URXP03 - 3-hydroxyfluorene (ng/L)
  • URDP03LC - 3-hydroxyfluorene comment code
  • URXP04 - 2-hydroxyfluorene (ng/L)
  • URDP04LC - 2-hydroxyfluorene comment code
  • URXP05 - 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (ng/L)
  • URDP05LC - 3-hydroxyphenanthrene comment code
  • URXP06 - 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (ng/L)
  • URDP06LC - 1-hydroxyphenanthrene comment code
  • URXP07 - 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (ng/L)
  • URDP07LC - 2-hydroxyphenanthrene comment code
  • URXP10 - 1-hydroxypyrene (ng/L)
  • URDP10LC - 1-hydroxypyrene comment code
  • URXP17 - 9-hydroxyfluorene (ng/L)
  • URDP17LC - 9-hydroxyfluorene comment code
  • URXP19 - 4-phenanthrene (ng/L)
  • URDP19LC - 4-phenanthrene comment code
  • URXUCR - Urinary creatinine

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2011-2012 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - Urine (PAH_G)

Data File: PAH_G.xpt

First Published: February 2014

Last Revised: October 2014

Component Description

Urinary Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

PAHs constitute a group of chemicals which are formed during the incomplete combustion of coal, oil and gas, garbage, and other organic substances. In general, people are exposed to mixtures of PAHs, and the sources are widespread, including vehicle exhausts, asphalt, coal tar, wild fires, agricultural burning, charbroiled foods, and tobacco smoke. PAHs enter the body quickly and easily by all routes of exposure and are readily and predominantly metabolized to hydroxylated metabolites and glucuronide metabolites. These compounds require metabolic activation in order to interact with cellular macromolecules. Measurement of urinary metabolites indicates exposure to the parent PAHs. Although background ranges of PAHs in air and water are known, less is known about PAH background levels in humans.

Eligible Sample

Examined participants aged 6 years and older from a one-third sample.

Description of Laboratory Methodology

The specific analytes measured in this method are monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs). This procedure involves enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronidated/sulfated OH-PAH metabolites in urine, extraction, derivatization, and analysis using isotope dilution capillary gas chromatog¬raphy tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Ion transitions specific to each analyte and carbon-13 labeled internal standards are monitored, and the abundances of each ion are measured.

Refer to NHANES 2011-2012 Lab Methods for Monohydroxy-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) for detailed description of the laboratory method used.

Data Processing and Editing

The data were reviewed. Incomplete data or improbable values were sent to the performing laboratory for confirmation.

Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring

Urine specimens are processed, stored, and shipped to the Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis.

Detailed instructions on specimen collection and processing are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory Procedures Manual (LPM).

Vials are stored under appropriate frozen (–20°C) conditions until they are shipped to National Center for Environmental Health for testing.

Mobile Examination Centers (MECs)

Laboratory team performance is monitored using several techniques. NCHS and contract consultants use a structured quality assurance evaluation during unscheduled visits to evaluate both the quality of the laboratory work and the quality-control procedures. Each laboratory staff person is observed for equipment operation, specimen collection and preparation; testing procedures and constructive feedback are given to each staff. Formal retraining sessions are conducted annually to ensure that required skill levels were maintained.

The NHANES QA/QC protocols meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES LPM.

Analytical Laboratories

NHANES uses several methods to monitor the quality of the analyses performed by the laboratories. NCEH developed and distributed a quality control protocol for all the laboratories which outlined the Westgard rules (Westgard et al, 1981) used when running NHANES specimens. Summary statistics for each control pool, QC graphs, and any special considerations are submitted to NCHS. NCHS reviewed the data for trends or shifts. The laboratories are required to explain any identified areas of concern.

All QC procedures recommended by the manufacturers were followed. Reported results for all assays meet the Division of Laboratory Science’s quality control and quality assurance performance criteria for accuracy and precision, similar to the Westgard rules (Westgard et al, 1981).

Analytic Notes

Refer to the 2011-2012 Laboratory Data Overview for general information on NHANES laboratory data.

Subsample weights

Measures of urinary PAHs were measured in a one third subsample of persons 6 years and older. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data file and should be used when analyzing these data.

Variance estimation

The analysis of NHANES  laboratory data must be conducted with the key survey design and basic demographic variables. The NHANES Demographic Data File contains demographic and sample design variables. The recommended procedure for variance estimation requires use of stratum and PSU variables (SDMVSTRA and SDMVPSU, respectively) in the demographic data file.

Links to NHANES Data Files

This laboratory data file can be linked to the other NHANES data files using the unique survey participant identifier SEQN.

Detection Limits

The detection limits were constant for all of the analytes in the data set. Two variables are provided for each of these analytes. The variable named URD___LC indicates whether the result was below the limit of detection. There are two values: “0” and “1”. “0” means that the result was at or above the limit of detection. “1” indicates that the result was below the limit of detection. The other variable named URX___ provides the analytic result for that analyte. For analytes with analytic results below the lower limit of detection (i.e., URD___LC=1), an imputed fill value was placed in the analyte results field. This value is the lower limit of detection divided by square root of 2 (LLOD/sqrt(2)).

The lower limit of detection (LLOD, in ng/L) for urinary PAHs:

Analyte	Item ID	LLOD
Urinary 2-Hydroxyfluorene	URXP04	10.0
Urinary 3-Hydroxyfluorene	URXP03	10.0
Urinary 9-Hydroxyfluorene	URXP17	10.0
Urinary 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene	URXP06	10.0
Urinary 2-Hydroxyphenanthrene	URXP07	10.0
Urinary 3-Hydroxyphenanthrene	URXP05	10.0
Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene	URXP10	10.0
Urinary 1-Hydroxynapthalene (1-Naphthol)	URXP01	44.0
Urinary 2-Hydroxynapthalene (2-Naphthol)	URXP02	42.0
Urinary 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene	URXP19	10.0

Please refer to the NHANES Analytic Guidelines and the on-line NHANES Tutorial for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues.

References

• Li Z, Romanoff LC, Trinidad D, Hussain N, Porter EN, Jones RS, Patterson Jr DG, Sjodin A. 2006. Measurement of Urinary Mono-Hydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Automated Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 78:5744-5751.
• Romanoff LC, Li Z, Young KJ, Blakely NC, Patterson DG, Jr., Sandau CD. 2006. Automated Solid-Phase Extraction Method for Measuring Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Human Biomonitoring using Isotope-Dilution Gas Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 835:47-54.
• Westgard JO, Barry PL, Hunt MR, Groth T. A multi-rule Shewhart chart for quality control in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem. 1981 Mar; 27(3):493-501.

Codebook and Frequencies