• Component Description
• Eligible Sample
• Description of Laboratory Methodology
• Laboratory Method Files
• Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring
• Data Processing and Editing
• Analytic Notes
• References
• Codebook
  • SEQN - Respondent sequence number
  • WTALDS2Y - Two Year Aldehyde Smoking Weights
  • LBXBZAL - Benzaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBDBZLC - Benzaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX4AL - Butyraldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD4ALC - Butyraldehyde Comment Code
  • LBXCRAL - Crotonaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBDCRLC - Crotonaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX10AL - Decanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD10ALC - Decanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX7AL - Heptanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD7ALC - Heptanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX6AL - Hexanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD6ALC - Hexanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBXI5AL - Isopentanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBDI5ALC - Isopentanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX9AL - Nonanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD9ALC - Nonanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX8AL - Octanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD8ALC - Octanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBXTLAL - o-Tolualdehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBDTLALC - o-Tolualdehyde Comment Code
  • LBX5AL - Pentanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD5ALC - Pentanaldehyde Comment Code
  • LBX3AL - Propanaldehyde (ng/mL)
  • LBD3ALC - Propanaldehyde Comment Code

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2013-2014 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies

Aldehydes - Serum - Special Sample (ALDS_H)

Data File: ALDS_H.xpt

First Published: April 2019

Last Revised: October 2019

Component Description

Aldehydes are formed as thermal degradation byproducts released into the atmosphere from the burning of organic matter such as gasoline, food flavorants, and tobacco. Aldehydes are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic; therefore, exposure to aldehydes has raised concerns about adverse health effects in humans.

Eligible Sample

Examined participants aged 18 years and older from a one-third subsample were eligible. Additionally, to oversample adult smokers, those participants aged 18 years and older, not in the regular one-third subsample, who smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their entire lifetime (SMQ020=1) and now smoke cigarettes every day (SMQ040=1), were also included in this special subsample.

Description of Laboratory Methodology

An automated analytical method was developed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography (GC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with selected ion mass detection and isotope-dilution techniques. This analytical method quantifies trace levels of 12 aldehydes from protein adducts in human serum.

Because aldehydes have the tendency to react with biological molecules to form various products, including Schiff base protein adducts, free aldehydes released into the headspace of biological samples from the Schiff base protein adducts at low pH (~3) are analyzed. The method reproducibly hydrolyzes aldehyde adducts covalently bound to proteins, using automation to individually incubate samples prior to analysis with hydrochloric acid (Yeo 2004). Free aldehydes are captured by the SPME fiber; desorbed into the heated GC injector; and extracted aldehydes are focused at the head of the GC column using a cryogenically cooled trap (Cryo-trap). Analytes are then separated in a capillary column and quantified using multiple ion detection (MID) with mass spectrometry. This method employs isotope dilution to quantify precisely trace amounts of aldehydes with limits of detection in the low parts per trillion range. The linear calibration curve spanned over three orders of magnitude.

Refer to the Laboratory Method Files section for a detailed description of the laboratory methods used.

This is a new component in the NHANES 2013-2014 cycle.

Laboratory Method Files

Serum Aldehydes Laboratory Procedure Manual (April 2019)

Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring

Serum samples were processed, stored, and shipped to the Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA for analysis.

Detailed instructions on specimen collection and processing are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory Procedures Manual (LPM). Vials are stored under appropriate refrigerated (2-8°C) conditions until they are shipped to the National Center for Environmental Health for testing.

The NHANES quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) protocols meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES LPM.

Mobile Examination Centers (MECs)

Laboratory team performance is monitored using several techniques. NCHS and contract consultants use a structured competency assessment evaluation during visits to evaluate both the quality of the laboratory work and the quality-control procedures. Each laboratory staff member is observed for equipment operation, specimen collection and preparation; testing procedures and constructive feedback are given to each staff member. Formal retraining sessions are conducted annually to ensure that required skill levels were maintained.

Analytical Laboratories

NHANES uses several methods to monitor the quality of the analyses performed by the contract laboratories. In the MEC, these methods include performing blind split samples collected during “dry run” sessions. In addition, contract laboratories randomly perform repeat testing on 2% of all specimens.

NCHS developed and distributed a quality control protocol for all CDC and contract laboratories, which outlined the use of Westgard rules (Westgard, et al., 1981) when running NHANES specimens. Progress reports containing any problems encountered during shipping or receipt of specimens, summary statistics for each control pool, QC graphs, instrument calibration, reagents, and any special considerations are submitted to NCHS quarterly. The reports are reviewed for trends or shifts in the data. The laboratories are required to explain any identified areas of concern.

All QC procedures recommended by the manufacturers were followed. Reported results for all assays meet the Division of Laboratory Sciences’ quality control and quality assurance performance criteria for accuracy and precision, similar to the Westgard rules (Caudill, et al., 2008).

Data Processing and Editing

The data were reviewed. Incomplete data or improbable values were sent to the performing laboratory for confirmation.

Analytic Notes

Refer to the 2013-2014 Laboratory Data Overview for general information on NHANES laboratory data.

Subsample Weights

Serum aldehydes were measured in a special smoking subsample of persons 18 years and older. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data file and should be used when analyzing these data.

Demographic and Other Related Variables

The analysis of NHANES laboratory data must be conducted using the appropriate survey design and demographic variables. The NHANES 2013-2014 Demographics File contains demographic data, health indicators, and other related information collected during household interviews as well as the sample design variables. The recommended procedure for variance estimation requires use of stratum and PSU variables (SDMVSTRA and SDMVPSU, respectively) in the demographic data file.

The Fasting Questionnaire File includes auxiliary information such as fasting status, the length of fast, and the time of venipuncture.

This laboratory data file can be linked to the other NHANES data files using the unique survey participant identifier (i.e., SEQN).

Detection limits

The detection limits were constant for all of the analytes in the data set. Two variables are provided for each of these analytes. The variable name ending in “LC” (ex., LBD4ALLC) indicates whether the result was below the limit of detection: the value “0” means that the result was at or above the limit of detection, “1” indicates that the result was below the limit of detection. For analytes with analytic results below the lower limit of detection (ex., LBD4ALLC=1), an imputed fill value was placed in the analyte results field. This value is the lower limit of detection divided by square root of 2 (LLOD/sqrt [2]). The other variable prefixed LBX (ex., LBX4AL) provides the analytic result for that analyte.

The lower limit of detection (LLOD, in ng/mL) for serum aldehydes:

Please refer to the NHANES Analytic Guidelines and the on-line NHANES Tutorial for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues.

References

• Caudill, S.P., Schleicher, R.L., Pirkle, J.L. Multi-rule quality control for the age-related eye disease study. Statist. Med. (2008) 27(20):4094-40106.
• Lalith K. Silva, Grace A. Hile, Kimberly M. Capella, Michael F. Espenship, Mitchell M. Smith, Víctor R. De Jesús, and Benjamin C. Blount. Quantification of 19 Aldehydes in Human Serum by Headspace SPME/GC/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018, 52 (18), pp 10571–10579.
• Westgard J.O., Barry P.L., Hunt M.R., Groth T. A multi-rule Shewhart chart for quality control in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem (1981) 27:493-501.
• Yeo, H.C. Assay of Malondialdehyde in Biological Fluids by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 220: 391-396 (1994).

Codebook and Frequencies