Table of Contents

Component Description

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAA) are an important class of carcinogens formed during combustion of cigarettes and cooking meats at high temperature (Turesky, R.J., Zhang, L., et al.). Studies have shown that HCAAs have a potential impact on human health, and in particular, on cancer risk due to frequent exposure. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has considered a number of HCAAs as possible and probable carcinogens.

Eligible Sample

Examined participants aged 6 years and older from a one-third sample were eligible.

Description of Laboratory Methodology

Heterocyclic aromatic amines in urine are measured by an isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ID HPLC-ESI MS/MS). For "total" HCAA assays, the urine samples are fortified with internal standards (ISTD), and hydrolyzed in basic condition at 70°C for 5 hours. The samples are then extracted by solid phase extraction, after which the analytes are eluted and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. The analyte specific ion transitions are monitored for HCAA quantitation, confirmation and ISTD respectively. The concentrations are derived from their respective ratios of native to isotope-labeled ions in the samples by comparing to their standard curves.

Refer to the Laboratory Method Files section for a detailed description of the laboratory methods used.

This is a new component in the NHANES 2013-2014 cycle.

Laboratory Method Files

Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring

Urine specimens were processed, stored, and shipped to Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA for analysis.

Detailed instructions on specimen collection and processing are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory Procedures Manual (LPM).

Vials are stored under appropriate frozen (–20°C) conditions until they are shipped to National Center for Environmental Health for testing.

The NHANES quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) protocols meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES LPM.

Mobile Examination Centers (MECs)

Laboratory team performance is monitored using several techniques. NCHS and contract consultants use a structured competency assessment evaluation during visits to evaluate both the quality of the laboratory work and the quality-control procedures. Each laboratory staff member is observed for equipment operation, specimen collection and preparation; testing procedures and constructive feedback are given to each staff member. Formal retraining sessions are conducted annually to ensure that required skill levels were maintained.

Analytical Laboratories

NHANES uses several methods to monitor the quality of the analyses performed by the contract laboratories. In the MEC, these methods include performing blind split samples collected on “dry run” sessions. In addition, contract laboratories randomly perform repeat testing on 2% of all specimens.

NCHS developed and distributed a quality control protocol for all CDC and contract laboratories which outlined the use of Westgard rules (Westgard et al., 1981) when running NHANES specimens. Progress reports containing any problems encountered during shipping or receipt of specimens, summary statistics for each control pool, QC graphs, instrument calibration, reagents, and any special considerations are submitted to NCHS quarterly. The reports are reviewed for trends or shifts in the data. The laboratories are required to explain any identified areas of concern.

All QC procedures recommended by the manufacturers were followed. Reported results for all assays meet the Tobacco and Volatile Branch, Division of Laboratory Services quality control and quality assurance performance criteria for accuracy and precision, similar to the Westgard rules (Caudill et al., 2008).

Data Processing and Editing

The data were reviewed. Incomplete data or improbable values were sent to the performing laboratory for confirmation.

Analytic Notes

Refer to the 2013-2014 Laboratory Data Overview for general information on NHANES laboratory data.

Subsample Weights

Heterocyclic aromatic amines were measured in a special smoking subsample of persons 18 years and older. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data file and should be used when analyzing these data.

Demographic and Other Related Variables

The analysis of NHANES laboratory data must be conducted using the appropriate survey design and demographic variables. The NHANES 2013-2014 Demographics File contains demographic data, health indicators, and other related information collected during household interviews as well as the sample design variables. The recommended procedure for variance estimation requires use of stratum and PSU variables (SDMVSTRA and SDMVPSU, respectively) in the demographic data file.

This laboratory data file can be linked to the other NHANES data files using the unique survey participant identifier (i.e., SEQN).

Detection limits

The detection limits were constant for all of the analytes in the data set. Two variables are provided for each of these analytes. The variable name ending in “LC” (ex., URDAACLC) indicates whether the result was below the limit of detection: “0” means that the result was at or above the limit of detection, “1” indicates that the result was below the limit of detection. For analytes with analytic results below the lower limit of detection (ex., URDAACLC=1), an imputed fill value was placed in the analyte results field. This value is the lower limit of detection divided by square root of 2 (LLOD/sqrt [2]). The other variable prefixed URX (ex., URXAAC) provides the analytic result for that analyte.

Lower Limit of Detection (LLOD, in pg/mL) for Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines:

 

VARIABLE NAME ANALYTE LLOD
URXAAC 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A-a-C) 0.62
URXGLP1 2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) 0.31
URXGLP2 2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d] imidazole (GLU-P-2) 0.83
URXHM                                       Harman 4.59
URXIQ 2-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) 0.37
URXMAAC 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyriodo[2,3-b]indole (MeA-a-C) 0.33
URXNHM                                       Norharman 12.6
URXPHIP 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) 0.34
URXTRP1 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) 0.79
URXTRP2 1-Methyl-3-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) 0.63

References

Codebook and Frequencies

SEQN - Respondent sequence number

Variable Name:
SEQN
SAS Label:
Respondent sequence number
English Text:
Respondent sequence number.
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS

WTSA2YR - Subsample A Weights

Variable Name:
WTSA2YR
SAS Label:
Subsample A Weights
English Text:
Subsample A Weights
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 to 530325.34726 Range of Values 2755 2755
. Missing 0 2755

URXAAC - A-a-C (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXAAC
SAS Label:
A-a-C (pg/mL)
English Text:
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A-a-C) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.44 to 1200 Range of Values 2568 2568
. Missing 187 2755

URDAACLC - A-a-C (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDAACLC
SAS Label:
A-a-C (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A-a-C) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 1279 1279
1 Below lower detection limit 1289 2568
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2568
. Missing 187 2755

URXGLP1 - Glu-P-1 (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXGLP1
SAS Label:
Glu-P-1 (pg/mL)
English Text:
2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.22 to 2.13 Range of Values 2572 2572
. Missing 183 2755

URDGP1LC - Glu-P-1 (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDGP1LC
SAS Label:
Glu-P-1 (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 55 55
1 Below lower detection limit 2517 2572
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2572
. Missing 183 2755

URXGLP2 - GLU-P-2 (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXGLP2
SAS Label:
GLU-P-2 (pg/mL)
English Text:
2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d] imidazole (GLU-P-2) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.59 to 2.16 Range of Values 2572 2572
. Missing 183 2755

URDGP2LC - GLU-P-2 (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDGP2LC
SAS Label:
GLU-P-2 (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d] imidazole (GLU-P-2) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 8 8
1 Below lower detection limit 2564 2572
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2572
. Missing 183 2755

URXHM - Harman (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXHM
SAS Label:
Harman (pg/mL)
English Text:
Harman (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
3.25 to 39800 Range of Values 2571 2571
. Missing 184 2755

URDHMLC - Harman (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDHMLC
SAS Label:
Harman (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
Harman (pg/mL) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 2570 2570
1 Below lower detection limit 1 2571
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2571
. Missing 184 2755

URXIQ - IQ (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXIQ
SAS Label:
IQ (pg/mL)
English Text:
2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolone (IQ) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.26 to 9.77 Range of Values 2572 2572
. Missing 183 2755

URDIQLC - IQ (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDIQLC
SAS Label:
IQ (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 53 53
1 Below lower detection limit 2519 2572
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2572
. Missing 183 2755

URXMAAC - MeA-a-C (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXMAAC
SAS Label:
MeA-a-C (pg/mL)
English Text:
2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyriodo[2,3-b]indole (MeA-a-C) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.23 to 94.8 Range of Values 2569 2569
. Missing 186 2755

URDMACLC - MeA-a-C (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDMACLC
SAS Label:
MeA-a-C (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyriodo[2,3-b]indole (MeA-a-C) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 394 394
1 Below lower detection limit 2175 2569
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2569
. Missing 186 2755

URXNHM - Norharman (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXNHM
SAS Label:
Norharman (pg/mL)
English Text:
Norharman (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
8.9 to 8840 Range of Values 2552 2552
. Missing 203 2755

URDNHMLC - Norharman (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDNHMLC
SAS Label:
Norharman (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
Norharman (pg/mL) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 2550 2550
1 Below lower detection limit 2 2552
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2552
. Missing 203 2755

URXPHIP - PhlP (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXPHIP
SAS Label:
PhlP (pg/mL)
English Text:
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.24 to 324 Range of Values 2569 2569
. Missing 186 2755

URDPHPLC - PhlP (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDPHPLC
SAS Label:
PhlP (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 1466 1466
1 Below lower detection limit 1103 2569
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2569
. Missing 186 2755

URXTRP1 - Trp-P-1 (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXTRP1
SAS Label:
Trp-P-1 (pg/mL)
English Text:
3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.56 to 7.89 Range of Values 2569 2569
. Missing 186 2755

URDTP1LC - Trp-P-1 (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDTP1LC
SAS Label:
Trp-P-1 (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 43 43
1 Below lower detection limit 2526 2569
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2569
. Missing 186 2755

URXTRP2 - Trp-P-2 (pg/mL)

Variable Name:
URXTRP2
SAS Label:
Trp-P-2 (pg/mL)
English Text:
1-Methyl-3-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) (pg/mL)
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0.45 to 9.04 Range of Values 2571 2571
. Missing 184 2755

URDTP2LC - Trp-P-2 (pg/mL) Comment Code

Variable Name:
URDTP2LC
SAS Label:
Trp-P-2 (pg/mL) Comment Code
English Text:
1-Methyl-3-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) Comment Code
Target:
Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS
Code or Value Value Description Count Cumulative Skip to Item
0 At or above the detection limit 51 51
1 Below lower detection limit 2520 2571
2 Detectable result and exceeds the calibrated range of assay 0 2571
. Missing 184 2755