• Component Description
• Eligible Sample
• Description of Laboratory Methodology
• Laboratory Method Files
• Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring
• Data Processing and Editing
• Analytic Notes
• References
• Codebook
  • SEQN - Respondent sequence number
  • WTSB2YR - Environmental Subsample B Weights
  • URXOP1 - Dimethylphosphate (ng/mL)
  • URDOP1LC - Dimethylphosphate Comment Code
  • URXOP2 - Diethylphosphate (ng/mL)
  • URDOP2LC - Diethylphosphate Comment Code
  • URXOP3 - Dimethylthiophosphate (ng/mL)
  • URDOP3LC - Dimethylthiophosphate Comment Code
  • URXOP4 - Diethylthiophosphate (ng/mL)
  • URDOP4LC - Diethylthiophosphate Comment Code
  • URXOP5 - Dimethyldithiophosphate (ng/mL)
  • URDOP5LC - Dimethyldithiophosphate Comment Code
  • URXOP6 - Diethyldithiophosphate (ng/mL)
  • URDOP6LC - Diethyldithiophosphate Comment Code

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2015-2016 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies

Organophosphate Insecticides - Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites - Urine (OPD_I)

Data File: OPD_I.xpt

First Published: August 2021

Last Revised: NA

Component Description

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are used in both residential and agricultural settings in the United States. OP pesticides include malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, Guthion® (azinphosmethyl), malathion, parathion, and many others. All OP pesticides have a common mode of toxicity because they are competitive inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for deacetylation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Koelle G.B., 1994) (Gompertz D., 1996). Unfortunately, the toxic effects of OP pesticides are not unique to insects; high doses can similarly affect wildlife and people.

OP pesticides were among the first of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered pesticides whose food tolerances were reassessed (EPA, 2017), due to their common mode of toxicity and potential adverse effects in vulnerable populations, such as children.

Most of the organophosphate pesticides registered for use in the United States by the EPA are O, O-dimethyl, or O-diethyl substituted, which metabolize to dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites. The six common DAP metabolites (Dimethylphosphate, Diethylphosphate, Dimethylthiophosphate, Dimethyldithiophosphate, Diethylthiophosphate, and Diethyldithiophosphate) do not retain any of the structure unique to the pesticides from which they were derived, so it is impossible to identify individual pesticides from these metabolites. However, because these metabolites are common to the majority of OP pesticides, they can provide invaluable information about cumulative exposure to the OP class.

Eligible Sample

All examined participants aged 3 to 5 years and a one-third subsample of examined participants aged 6 years and older were eligible.

Description of Laboratory Methodology

The method uses solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with isotope dilution-ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (Jayatilaka N.K., et. al., 2019). The method relies on an enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary conjugates, automated off-line SPE to pre-concentrate the target compounds while minimizing urine matrix potential interferences to increase the overall sensitivity and specificity. The deconjugated target analytes in the urine extract are separated on an UHPLC system with reversed phase chromatography and quantified by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.

Refer to the Laboratory Method Files section for a detailed description of the laboratory methods used.

There were no changes to the lab method, lab equipment, and lab site for this component in the NHANES 2015-2016 cycle.

Laboratory Method Files

Organophosphate Insecticides - Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites (August 2021)

Laboratory Quality Assurance and Monitoring

Urine specimens are processed, stored, and shipped to the Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA for analysis.

Detailed instructions on specimen collection and processing are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory Procedures Manual (LPM). Vials were stored under appropriate frozen (–30°C) conditions until they were shipped to the National Center for Environmental Health for testing.

The NHANES quality control and quality assurance protocols (QA/QC) meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES LPM.

Mobile Examination Centers (MECs)

Laboratory team performance is monitored using several techniques. NCHS and contract consultants use a structured competency assessment evaluation during visits to evaluate both the quality of the laboratory work and the QC procedures. Each laboratory staff member is observed for equipment operation, specimen collection and preparation; testing procedures and constructive feedback are given to each staff member. Formal retraining sessions are conducted annually to ensure that required skill levels were maintained.

Analytical Laboratories

NHANES uses several methods to monitor the quality of the analyses performed by the contract laboratories. In the MEC, these methods include performing blind split samples collected during “dry run” sessions. In addition, contract laboratories randomly perform repeat testing on 2% of all specimens.

NCHS developed and distributed a QC protocol for all CDC and contract laboratories, which outlined the use of Westgard rules (Westgard, et al., 1981) when testing NHANES specimens. Progress reports containing any problems encountered during shipping or receipt of specimens, summary statistics for each control pool, QC graphs, instrument calibration, reagents, and any special considerations are submitted to NCHS quarterly. The reports are reviewed for trends or shifts in the data. The laboratories are required to explain any identified areas of concern.

All QC procedures recommended by the manufacturers were followed. Reported results for all assays meet the Division of Laboratory Sciences’ QA/QC performance criteria for accuracy and precision, similar to the Westgard rules (Caudill et al., 2008).

Data Processing and Editing

The data were reviewed. Incomplete data or improbable values were sent to the performing laboratory for confirmation.

Analytic Notes

Refer to the 2015-2016 Laboratory Data Overview for general information on NHANES laboratory data.

There are over 800 laboratory tests performed on NHANES participants. However, not all participants provided biospecimens or enough volume for all the tests to be performed. The specimen availability can also vary by age or other population characteristics. Analysts should evaluate the extent of missing data in the dataset related to the outcome of interest as well as any predictor variables used in the analyses to determine whether additional re-weighting for item non-response is necessary.

Please refer to the NHANES Analytic Guidelines and the on-line NHANES Tutorial for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues.

Subsample Weights

Organophosphate Pesticides - Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites were measured in a one-third subsample of participants 6 years and older. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data file and should be used when analyzing these data.

Demographic and Other Related Variables

The analysis of NHANES laboratory data must be conducted using the appropriate survey design and demographic variables. The NHANES 2015-2016 Demographics File contains demographic data, health indicators, and other related information collected during household interviews as well as the sample design variables. The recommended procedure for variance estimation requires use of stratum and PSU variables (SDMVSTRA and SDMVPSU, respectively) in the demographic data file. 

This laboratory data file can be linked to the other NHANES data files using the unique survey participant identifier (i.e., SEQN).

The variable URXUCR (urine creatinine) will not be reported in this file. URXUCR can be found in the data file titled “Albumin & Creatinine – Urine”.

Detection Limits

The detection limit was constant for the analyte in the data set. Two variables are provided for this analyte. The variable name ending in “LC” (ex., URDOP1LC) indicates whether the result was below the limit of detection: the value “0” means that the result was at or above the limit of detection, “1” indicates that the result was below the limit of detection. The other variable prefixed URX (ex., URXOP1) provides the analytic result for that analyte. For the analyte with analytic results below the lower limit of detection (URDOP1LC=1), an imputed fill value was placed in the analyte results field. This value is the lower limit of detection divided by square root of 2 (LLOD/sqrt [2]).

The lower limit of detection (LLOD, in ng/mL) for Organophosphate Pesticides - Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites:

Variable Name	Analyte Description	LLOD (ng/mL)
URXOP1	Dimethylphosphate (ng/mL)	0.1
URXOP2	Diethylphosphate (ng/mL)	0.1
URXOP3	Dimethylthiophosphate (ng/mL)	0.1
URXOP4	Diethylthiophosphate (ng/mL)	0.1
URXOP5	Dimethyldithiophosphate (ng/mL)	0.1
URXOP6	Diethyldithiophosphate (ng/mL)	0.1

 

References

• Caudill, S.P., Schleicher, R.L., Pirkle, J.L. Multi-rule quality control for the age-related eye disease study. Statist. Med. (2008) 27(20):4094-40106.
• Gompertz D. Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the Workplace: Guidelines. Vol. 1. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 1996. p. 237-42.
• Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Davis Z, Vidal M, Calafat AM, Ospina M. “Quantification of 16 urinary biomarkers of exposure to flame retardants, plasticizers, and organophosphate insecticides for biomonitoring studies” Chemosphere 2019, Jun 26; 235:481-491. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.181.
• Koelle G B. Pharmacology of organophosphates. J Appl Toxicol 1994; 14:105-9.

Codebook and Frequencies