ToxFAQs™ for Chlorpyrifos
Spanish: Clorpirifos
CAS#: 2921-88-2
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This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about chlorpyrifos. For more information, you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.
Highlights
Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide which has been widely used in homes and on farms. Breathing or ingesting chlorpyrifos may result in a variety of nervous system effects, ranging from headaches, blurred vision, and salivation to seizures, coma, and death, depending on the amount and length of exposure. Chlorpyrifos has been found in at least 7 or the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What is chlorpyrifos?
Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide that is
a white crystal-like solid with a strong odor. It does not
mix well with water, so it is usually mixed with oily liquids
before it is applied to crops or animals. It may also be applied
to crops in a capsule form.
Chlorpyrifos has been widely used in
homes and on farms. In the home, it is used to control cockroaches,
fleas, and termites; it is also used in some pet flea and
tick collars. On the farm, it is used to control ticks on
cattle and as a spray to control crop pests.
What happens to chlorpyrifos when it enters the environment?
- Chlorpyrifos enters the environment through direct application to crops, lawns, houses and other buildings.
- It may also enter the environment through volatilization, spills, and the disposal of chlorpyrifos waste.
- Chlorpyrifos sticks tightly to soil particles.
- It does not mix well with water, so it rarely enters local water systems.
- Once in the environment, it is broken down by sunlight, bacteria, or other chemical processes.
How might I be exposed to chlorpyrifos?
- Using it to control household pests such as termites, fleas or cockroaches.
- Breathing air outside of homes or other buildings where chlorpyrifos was applied to the ground around the foundation
to control termites.
- Breathing air in a field where chlorpyrifos was sprayed on to crops.
- Touching soil or crops in a field where it was sprayed or touching freshly sprayed areas in a house.
- Putting food or other chlorpyrifos contaminated items in your mouth.
How can chlorpyrifos affect my health?
Breathing the air in an area in which
chlorpyrifos has recently been sprayed may produce a variety
of effects on the nervous system including headaches, blurred
vision, watering of the eyes (called lacrimation), excessive
salivation, runny nose, dizziness, confusion, muscle weakness
or tremors, nausea, diarrhea, and sudden changes in heart
rate. The effect depends on the amount in the air and length
of time exposed.
Ingesting chlorpyrifos orally through
contaminated food containers or, in the case of children,
putting objects of hands in their mouth after touching chlorpyrifos,
may cause similar symptoms.
Exposure to high levels may cause severe
sweating, loss of bowel control, severe muscle tremors, seizures,
loss of consciousness (coma), or death.
There is no information at present to
show that chlorpyrifos either effects the ability of humans
to reproduce or causes human birth defects.
How likely is chlorpyrifos to cause cancer?
It is not known whether chlorpyrifos can cause cancer in people.
Animal studies have not shown that chlorpyrifos causes cancer. The EPA has classified chlorpyrifos as a possible human carcinogen.
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to chlorpyrifos?
There is a general test that can be used to determine if you have been exposed to a certain group of insecticides, including chlorpyrifos. This test measures the activity of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase in the blood. There is also a test which measures a metabolite, or breakdown product (known as TCP), of chlorpyrifos in the urine. The metabolite TCP can usually be found in the urine for several days after the exposure to chlorpyrifos occurred.
Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?
The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 1 pound or more of chlorpyrifos be reported to the EPA.
The EPA also recommends that children
not drink water with chlorpyrifos levels greater than 0.03 milligrams per liter of water (0.03 mg/L) for periods of 1-10
days.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has set tolerances for chlorpyrifos for agricultural products ranging from 0.05 to 15 parts chlorpyrifos per million parts of food (0.05-15 ppm).
Glossary
Carcinogen: A substance with the ability to cause cancer.
CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service.
Ingest: To eat or drink something.
Insecticide: A substance that kills insects; a pesticide.
Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram.
ppm: Parts per million (1 ppm is equal to 1 mg/L in water).
TCP: Metabolite of chlorpyrifos.
Volatilization: The changing of a liquid into a vapor or a gas.
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1997. Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Where can I get more information?
If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or:
For more information, contact:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Office of Innovation and Analytics, Toxicology Section
4770 Buford Highway
Chamblee, GA 30341-3717
Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY)
Email: Contact CDC-INFO
ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances.