The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys play a major role in balancing fluids and electrolytes, regulating blood pressure, producing erythropoietin (which increases erythrocyte formation), and eliminating waste products through the urine . The urine is formed in the kidney, stored in the urinary bladder, and voided via the urethra.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Please Note: The following links point to PDFs containing the information defining the health effects of the selected substance. This PDF format requires Adobe Acrobat Reader external icon , which can be downloaded free from the Adobe web site.
This image was edited or created using GenAI (generative artificial intelligence).
Our experts review all images in an effort to ensure accuracy and quality before use.
Learn more about CDC's usage of GenAI.