| | | | | Vertebrate (species and organ) and arthropod | No. isolations/No. tested | No. with antibody/No. tested Test used | Country and region |
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| | Human convalescent sera will protect against chikungunya as well as o'nyong-nyong (5), so that a higher titre in the HI test is the only reliable method of distinguishing the two infections. | | | | Man | 34/>200 | up to 95% HI+ | Uganda (1, 5, 11) | | Man | 3/7 | up to 70% HI | Tanzania (10, 11) | | Man | 4/8 | 38/78 HI | Malawi (11) | | Man | 7/32 | up to 51% HI | Kenya (11) | | Man | | up to 55% HI | Senegal (13) | | Man | | 25/40 HI | Mozambique (11) | | Sentinel infant mice | 1 | | Senegal (12) | | Anopheles funestus | 22/3,654 | | Uganda (4, 11) | | Anopheles funestus | 17/2,130 | | Kenya (11) | | An gambiae | 8/5,299 | | Uganda (4, 11) | | An gambiae | 7/1,634 | | Kenya (11) |
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