Hypertension prevalence was higher among adults with CKD for both crude and age-standardized prevalence, with the crude burden at its highest level in recent years at 78.0% among adults with CKD. Hypertension prevalence (crude) appeared higher among older, male, and non-Hispanic Black adults.
To view the burden of Hypertension by risk categories, select from the drop-down menu below. Risk categories include CKD, Age Category, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity.
Data includes CKD stages 1–5. Estimates were standardized to the 2010 U.S. Census population for adults.
NHANES is a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey that is currently conducted every two years (since 1999) by CDC's National Center for Health Statistics among noninstitutionalized US civilian residents. The survey consists of a standardized in-home interview and a physical examination with blood and urine collected at a mobile examination center. Data were examined by combining two NHANES cycles to represent four-year periods from 2001 to 2016 and the 2017–March 2020 pre-pandemic cycle.
Note: Not all NHANES variables are collected for all years; therefore, some NHANES indicators may not utilize the full 20-year span.
Overall: Prevalence of Hypertension among U.S. adults.
By strata: Prevalence of Hypertension among U.S. adults with CKD.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged ≥ 18 years. Pregnant women excluded.
2001–March 2020.
Overall: U.S. adults aged ≥ 18 years with hypertension.
By strata: U.S. adults aged ≥ 18 years with CKD and hypertension.
Overall: U.S. adults aged ≥ 18 years with data for CKD and hypertension.
By strata: U.S. adults aged ≥ 18 years with CKD (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or albuminuria) and data for hypertension.
CKD is defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² or albuminuria (urine albumin to creatinine ratio [UACR] ≥ 30 mg/g). Estimates are based on single eGFR and UACR measurements.
Based on the CKD-EPI (2021) equation for calibrated creatinine: eGFR=142 x [min(serum creatinine in mg/dL) /κ, 1)]^α x [max(serum creatinine/κ, 1)]^-1.20 x 0.9938^age x (1.012 if female). κ = 0.7 if female and 0.9 if male α = -0.241 if female and -0.302 if male
UACR was calculated as urine albumin divided by urine creatinine. Albuminuria is defined as UACR ≥30 mg/g. Urine albumin is measured in random urine collection by fluorescent immunoassay.
Serum creatinine values used for eGFR calculation were standardized against isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS).
Self-reported hypertension or measured blood pressure ≥ 130/80.1
Estimates were standardized to the 2010 U.S. Census population for adults: 18–39 years: 37.1%, 40–59 years: 38.1%, 60–69 years: 12.8%, and 70+ years: 12.0%.
Albuminuria and kidney function were assessed from one-time cross-sectional measurements, possibly overestimating CKD prevalence.
Appropriate NHANES survey weights were used for all analyses; if relative standard error is greater than 30%, the estimates are not shown. Serum creatinine measurements are assay corrected for NHANES years 2005 and 2006 and prior to be combined with later years.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):e13‐e115.
